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Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. [75] [76] An example of a variation map is the HapMap being developed by the International HapMap Project.
The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; [4] the first genome sequence of a prokaryote (Haemophilus influenzae) was published in 1995; [5] the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. [6]
The DNA sequence assembly alone is of little value without additional analysis. [9] Genome annotation is the process of attaching biological information to sequences, and consists of three main steps: [68] identifying portions of the genome that do not code for proteins; identifying elements on the genome, a process called gene prediction, and
KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances.KEGG is utilized for bioinformatics research and education, including data analysis in genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and other omics studies, modeling and simulation in systems biology, and translational research in drug development.
The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA. [ 51 ] : 5.2 The rate of DNA replication in living cells was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected E. coli and found to be ...
A second version of the central dogma is popular but incorrect. This is the simplistic DNA → RNA → protein pathway published by James Watson in the first edition of The Molecular Biology of the Gene (1965). Watson's version differs from Crick's because Watson describes a two-step (DNA → RNA and RNA → protein) process as the central ...
Genome sizes and corresponding composition of six major model organisms as pie charts. The increase in genome size correlates with the vast expansion of noncoding (i.e., intronic, intergenic, and interspersed repeat sequences) and repeat DNA (e.g., satellite, LINEs, short interspersed nuclear element (SINEs), DNA (Alu sequence), in red) sequences in more complex multicellular organisms.
In molecular biology and genetics, DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of describing the structure and function of the components of a genome, [2] by analyzing and interpreting them in order to extract their biological significance and understand the biological processes in which they participate. [3]