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Volumetric water content, θ, is defined mathematically as: = where is the volume of water and = + + is equal to the total volume of the wet material, i.e. of the sum of the volume of solid host material (e.g., soil particles, vegetation tissue) , of water , and of air .
Density, bulk density, or wet density, , are different names for the density of the mixture, i.e., the total mass of air, water, solids divided by the total volume of air water and solids (the mass of air is assumed to be zero for practical purposes):
The potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions is called water potential. Total water potential is a sum of matric potential which results from capillary action , osmotic potential for saline soil , and gravitational potential when dealing with downward water movement.
It is also known as available water content (AWC), profile available water (PAW) [2] or total available water (TAW). The concept, put forward by Frank Veihmeyer and Arthur Hendrickson, [ 3 ] assumed that the water readily available to plants is the difference between the soil water content at field capacity ( θ fc ) and permanent wilting point ...
The soil bulk density of cultivated loam is about 1.1 to 1.4 g/cm 3 (for comparison water is 1.0 g/cm 3). [48] Contrary to particle density, soil bulk density is highly variable for a given soil, with a strong causal relationship with soil biological activity and management strategies. [49]
Effect of plant density on (a) total shoot mass and (b) seed mass per unit ground area. Schematised figure, inspired a.o. by experiments with maize by Li et al. (2015). Many of the processes related to plant density can well be studied in monocultures of even-aged individuals that are sown or planted at the same time.
Water retention curve is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil water potential, ψ. The soil moisture curve is characteristic for different types of soil, and is also called the soil moisture characteristic. It is used to predict the soil water storage, water supply to the plants (field capacity) and soil aggregate stability.
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [1] =, where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume , [ 2 ] although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more ...