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The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk. Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature.
Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of premature delivery, low birth weight and increased risk of perinatal mortality. [ 64 ] The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) suggests 27 mg of iron a day which would account for normal iron losses, iron used by the fetus and related tissues during gestation and increased ...
"Studies in breastfeeding mothers have demonstrated that there is significant and documented risk to the infant based on human experience, or it is a medication that has a high risk of causing significant damage to an infant. The risk of using the drug in breastfeeding women clearly outweighs any possible benefit from breastfeeding.
Risk of VTE with estrogen and progestogen therapy is highest at the start of treatment, particularly during the first year, and decreases over time. [89] [123] Older age, higher body weight, lower physical activity, and smoking are all associated with a higher risk of VTE with oral estrogen and progestogen therapy.
High birth weight may also impact the baby in the long term as studies have shown associations with increased risk of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. [4] [16] [17] Studies have shown that the long-term overweight risk is doubled when the birth weight is greater than 4,000 g. The risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adult is ...
Antidepressant exposure (including citalopram) during pregnancy is associated with shorter duration of gestation (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). Antidepressant exposure is not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. [51]
Maintaining a healthy weight and good prenatal care can reduce the risk of miscarriage. [45] Some risk factors can be minimized by avoiding the following: Smoking [51] [52] [45] Cocaine use [51] Alcohol [45] Poor nutrition; Occupational exposure to agents that can cause miscarriage [54] Medications associated with miscarriage [80] [75] [45 ...
Exposure to recreational drugs. Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. [67] Tobacco use: During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [68] Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%. [69]