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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
1.438 776 877... × 10 −2 m⋅K: 0 [12] [e] Wien wavelength displacement law constant: 2.897 771 955... × 10 −3 m⋅K: 0 [13] ′ [f] Wien frequency displacement law constant: 5.878 925 757... × 10 10 Hz⋅K −1: 0 [14] Wien entropy displacement law constant 3.002 916 077... × 10 −3 m⋅K: 0
is specific heat of dry air at constant pressure (1005.7 J/(kg·K)). Further more simplified formula is used (in, for example, Stull 1988 [6] §13.1 p. 546) for simplicity, if it is desirable to avoid computing :
The basic assumption is that each vibration can be treated as though it corresponds to a spring. In the harmonic approximation the spring obeys Hooke's law: the force required to extend the spring is proportional to the extension. The proportionality constant is known as a force constant, k. The anharmonic oscillator is considered elsewhere. [8]
The damping ratio provides a mathematical means of expressing the level of damping in a system relative to critical damping. For a damped harmonic oscillator with mass m, damping coefficient c, and spring constant k, it can be defined as the ratio of the damping coefficient in the system's differential equation to the critical damping coefficient:
Some constants, such as the ideal gas constant, R, do not describe the state of a system, and so are not properties. On the other hand, some constants, such as K f (the freezing point depression constant, or cryoscopic constant ), depend on the identity of a substance, and so may be considered to describe the state of a system, and therefore ...
Standard sea-level conditions (SSL), [1] also known as sea-level standard (SLS), defines a set of atmospheric conditions for physical calculations. The term "standard sea level " is used to indicate that values of properties are to be taken to be the same as those standard at sea level, and is done to define values for use in general calculations.
at each geopotential altitude, where g is the standard acceleration of gravity, and R specific is the specific gas constant for dry air (287.0528J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1). The solution is given by the barometric formula. Air density must be calculated in order to solve for the pressure, and is used in calculating dynamic pressure for moving vehicles.