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The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international scientific radar network [1] [2] consisting of 35 [3] high frequency (HF) radars located in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The F-region is the highest region of the ionosphere. Consisting of the F1 and F2 layers, its distance above the Earth's surface is approximately 200–500 km. [7] The duration of these storms are around a day and reoccur every approximately 27.3 days. [6] Most ionospheric abnormalities occur in the F2 and E layers of the ionosphere.
MADRE over-the-horizon radar at the NRL's Chesapeake Bay Detachment U.S. Navy Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar station. The most common type of OTH radar, OTH-B (backscatter), [3] uses skywave or "skip" propagation, in which shortwave radio waves are refracted off an ionized layer in the atmosphere, the ionosphere, and return to Earth some distance away.
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Research into extraterrestrial HF radar echos: the Lunar Echo experiment (2008). [23] [24] Testing of spread spectrum Transmitters (2009) Meteor shower impacts on the ionosphere; Response and recovery of the ionosphere from solar flares and geomagnetic storms; The effect of ionospheric disturbances on GPS satellite signal quality
An ionosonde, or chirpsounder, is a special radar for the examination of the ionosphere. The basic ionosonde technology was invented in 1925 by Gregory Breit and Merle A. Tuve [ 1 ] and further developed in the late 1920s by a number of prominent physicists, including Edward Victor Appleton .
The most well known practical application is known as incoherent scatter radar theory, a ground-based technique for studying the Earth's ionosphere first proposed by Professor William E. Gordon in 1958. [1] A radar beam scattering off electrons in the ionospheric plasma creates an incoherent scatter return.
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