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  2. Abiogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis

    They concluded that approximately 1 in 10 11 random sequences had ATP binding function. [198] While this is a single example of functional frequency in the random sequence space, the methodology can serve as a powerful simulation tool for understanding early protein evolution. [199]

  3. Alternative abiogenesis scenarios - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_abiogenesis...

    A scenario is a set of related concepts pertinent to the origin of life (abiogenesis), such as the iron-sulfur world. Many alternative abiogenesis scenarios have been proposed by scientists in a variety of fields from the 1950s onwards in an attempt to explain how the complex mechanisms of life could have come into existence. These include ...

  4. Introduction to genetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics

    The shape of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids along its chain and it is this shape that, in turn, determines what the protein does. [6] For example, some proteins have parts of their surface that perfectly match the shape of another molecule, allowing the protein to bind to this molecule very tightly.

  5. Last universal common ancestor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor

    The LUCA probably existed at latest 3.6 billion years ago, and possibly as early as 4.3 billion years ago [2] or earlier. The nature of this point or stage of divergence remains a topic of research. All earlier forms of life preceding this divergence and all extant organisms are generally thought to share common ancestry. On the basis of a ...

  6. Wood–Ljungdahl pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood–Ljungdahl_pathway

    A 2016 study of the genomes of a set of bacteria and archaea suggested that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all cells was using an ancient Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in a hydrothermal setting, [10] but more recent work challenges this conclusion as they argued that the previous study had "undersampled protein families, resulting in incomplete phylogenetic trees which do not reflect ...

  7. List of research methods in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods...

    Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete copies or partial copies) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail: Genetics, Molecular biology: Somatic cell nuclear transfer

  8. Genetic recombination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination

    In humans, each oocyte has on average 41.6 ± 11.3 recombinations, 1.63-fold higher than sperms. This sexual dimorphic pattern in recombination rate has been observed in many species. In mammals, females most often have higher rates of recombination.

  9. Alternatives to Darwinian evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian...

    The mediaeval great chain of being as a staircase, implying the possibility of progress: [1] Ramon Lull's Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind, 1305. Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things.

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