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As with the Mercator projection, the region near the tangent (or secant) point on a Stereographic map remains very close to true scale for an angular distance of a few degrees. In the ellipsoidal model, a stereographic projection tangent to the pole has a scale factor of less than 1.003 at 84° latitude and 1.008 at 80° latitude.
The spoke–hub distribution paradigm (also known as the hub-and-spoke system) is a form of transport topology optimization in which traffic planners organize routes as a series of "spokes" that connect outlying points to a central "hub".
For example, a node in a street network may require a different amount of time to make a particular left turn or right turn. Such costs can vary over time, such as the pattern of travel time along an urban street depending on diurnal cycles of traffic volume. Flow volume, measurements of the actual movement taking place.
UPS Inc. (NYSE: UPS) has reduced transit times by one business day on millions of parcels moving under its core U.S. ground delivery business, one of the most consequential service improvements ...
A map that attains this infimum (i.e. makes it a minimum instead of an infimum) is called an "optimal transport map". Monge's formulation of the optimal transportation problem can be ill-posed, because sometimes there is no T {\displaystyle T} satisfying T ∗ ( μ ) = ν {\displaystyle T_{*}(\mu )=\nu } : this happens, for example, when μ ...
J transit is the Julian date for the local true solar transit (or solar noon). 2451545.0 is noon of the equivalent Julian year reference. 0.0053 sin M − 0.0069 sin ( 2 λ ) {\displaystyle 0.0053\sin M-0.0069\sin \left(2\lambda \right)} is a simplified version of the equation of time .
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The formulas involved can be complex and in some cases, such as in the ECEF to geodetic conversion above, the conversion has no closed-form solution and approximate methods must be used. References such as the DMA Technical Manual 8358.1 [15] and the USGS paper Map Projections: A Working Manual [16] contain formulas for conversion of map ...