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One classical thermal escape mechanism is Jeans escape, [1] named after British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first described this process of atmospheric loss. [2] In a quantity of gas, the average velocity of any one molecule is measured by the gas's temperature, but the velocities of individual molecules change as they collide with one another, gaining and losing kinetic energy.
The last time Venus drew nearer than 39.5 million km was in 1623, but that will not happen again for many millennia, and in fact after 5683 Venus will not even come closer than 40 million km for about 60,000 years. [8] The orientation of the orbits of the two planets is not favorable for minimizing the close approach distance. The longitudes of ...
Consequently, Venus transits only occur when an inferior conjunction takes place during some days of June or December, when the orbits of Venus and Earth cross a straight line with the Sun. [189] This results in Venus transiting above Earth in a sequence currently of 8 years, 105.5 years, 8 years and 121.5 years, forming cycles of 243 years.
Cutaway diagram of the Venus atmospheric probe. The 17 kg (37 lb) cone-shaped atmospheric probe measures just 40 cm (16 in) across, which was chosen to accommodate the electronics and the focal length of the nephelometer. [4] The probe outer mould line is a scaled-down version of the Deep Space 2 probe. Like the Deep Space 2 probe, the probe ...
"Venus now has surface conditions that are extreme compared to Earth, with an atmospheric pressure 90 times greater, surface temperatures soaring to around 465°C (869°F), and a toxic atmosphere ...
It used repeated gravity assists from Venus to develop an eccentric orbit, approaching within 9.86 solar radii (6.9 million km or 4.3 million miles) [7] [8] from the center of the Sun. At its closest approach in 2024, its speed relative to the Sun was 690,000 km/h (430,000 mph) or 191 km/s (118.7 mi/s), which is 0.064% the speed of light .
Kepler-36b and c have semi-major axes of 0.1153 AU and 0.1283 AU, respectively; hence the planet c is 1.11 times further from star than b. There have been unconfirmed detections of co-orbital pairs of exoplanet, each of which has a semi-major axis ratio of almost 1. Largest semi-major axis ratio between consecutive planets HD 83443 b and HD 83443 c
In 1974, Mariner 10 swung by Venus on its way to Mercury and took ultraviolet photographs of the clouds, revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere. Mariner-10 provided the best images of Venus taken so far, the series of images clearly demonstrated the high speeds of the planet's atmosphere, first seen in the ...