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These costs are treated as an expense in the period the business recognizes income from sale of the goods. [5] Determining costs requires keeping records of goods or materials purchased and any discounts on such purchase. In addition, if the goods are modified, [6] the business must determine the costs incurred in modifying the goods. Such ...
Markup (or price spread) is the difference between the selling price of a good or service and its cost.It is often expressed as a percentage over the cost. A markup is added into the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit.
The justified P/S ratio is calculated as the price-to-sales ratio based on the Gordon Growth Model. Thus, it is the price-to-sales ratio based on the company's fundamentals rather than . Here, g is the sustainable growth rate as defined below and r is the required rate of return. [1]
However, cost of sales is recorded by the firm at what the firm actually paid for the materials available for sale. Additionally, firms may reduce prices to generate sales in an effort to cycle inventory. In this article, the terms "cost of sales" and "cost of goods sold" are synonymous.
Predatory pricing is a commercial pricing strategy which involves the use of large scale undercutting to eliminate competition. This is where an industry dominant firm with sizable market power will deliberately reduce the prices of a product or service to loss-making levels to attract all consumers and create a monopoly. [1]
Commercial law (or business law), [1] which is also known by other names such as mercantile law or trade law depending on jurisdiction; is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and organizations engaged in commercial and business activities.
Operating leverage can also be measured in terms of change in operating income for a given change in sales (revenue).. The Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) can be computed in a number of equivalent ways; one way it is defined as the ratio of the percentage change in Operating Income for a given percentage change in Sales (Brigham 1995, p. 426):
Ke – Is used as an abbreviation for Cost of Equity (COE). Ke is the risk-adjusted, theoretical rate of return on a Company's invested excess capital obtained through external investment s. Among other things, the value of Ke and the Cost of Debt (COD) [ 6 ] enables management to arbitrate different forms of short and long term financing for ...