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Scott Aaronson suggests the following 12 references as further reading (out of "the 10 10 5000 quantum algorithm tutorials that are already on the web."): Shor, Peter W. (1997), "Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer", SIAM J. Comput. , 26 (5): 1484– 1509, arXiv : quant-ph/9508027v2 ...
Those reciprocals of primes can be associated with several sequences of repeating decimals. For example, the multiples of 1 / 13 can be divided into two sets, with different repetends. The first set is: 1 / 13 = 0. 076923 10 / 13 = 0. 769230 9 / 13 = 0. 692307 12 / 13 = 0. 923076
More formally, given sets A and S, and some sets U and V of surjections A → S, we often wish to know the number of pairs of functions (f, g) such that f is in U and g is in V, and for all a in A, f(a) ≠ g(a); in other words, where for each f and g, there exists a derangement φ of S such that f(a) = φ(g(a)).
Thus one of m and n is odd and the other is even, and the numerators of the two fractions with denominator 2mn are odd. Thus these fractions are fully reduced (an odd prime dividing this denominator divides one of m and n but not the other; thus it does not divide m 2 ± n 2). One may thus equate numerators with numerators and denominators with ...
For the normal distribution, the values less than one standard deviation from the mean account for 68.27% of the set; while two standard deviations from the mean account for 95.45%; and three standard deviations account for 99.73%.
In 1996, Simon Plouffe derived an algorithm to extract the n th decimal digit of π (using base 10 math to extract a base 10 digit), and which can do so with an improved speed of O(n 3 (log n) 3) time.
The base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2.Each digit is referred to as a bit, or binary digit.Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices, as a preferred system of use, over various other human techniques of communication, because ...
In statistics, a k-th percentile, also known as percentile score or centile, is a score (e.g., a data point) below which a given percentage k of arranged scores in its frequency distribution falls ("exclusive" definition) or a score at or below which a given percentage falls ("inclusive" definition); i.e. a score in the k-th percentile would be above approximately k% of all scores in its set.