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Apparent magnitude (m) is a measure of the brightness of a star, astronomical object or other celestial objects like artificial satellites. Its value depends on its intrinsic luminosity , its distance, and any extinction of the object's light caused by interstellar dust along the line of sight to the observer.
Consequently, a magnitude 1 star is about 2.5 times brighter than a magnitude 2 star, about 2.5 2 times brighter than a magnitude 3 star, about 2.5 3 times brighter than a magnitude 4 star, and so on. This is the modern magnitude system, which measures the brightness, not the apparent size, of stars.
The Bortle dark-sky scale (usually referred to as simply the Bortle scale) is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular location. It quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and the interference caused by light pollution .
In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today. [1] Hipparchus compiled a catalogue with at least 850 stars and their positions. [2] Hipparchus's successor, Ptolemy, included a catalogue of 1,022 stars in his work the Almagest, giving their location, coordinates, and brightness. [3]
(The S 10 unit is defined as the surface brightness of a star whose V-magnitude is 10 and whose light is smeared over one square degree, or 27.78 mag arcsec −2.) The total sky brightness in zenith is therefore ~220 S 10 or 21.9 mag/arcsec² in the V-band. Note that the contributions from Airglow and Zodiacal light vary with the time of year ...
Stars in binary systems (or other multiples) are listed by their total or combined brightness if they appear as a single star to the naked eye, or listed separately if they do not. As with all magnitude systems in astronomy, the scale is logarithmic and inverted i.e. lower/more negative numbers are brighter.
M bol is the bolometric magnitude of the star; The new IAU absolute magnitude scale permanently disconnects the scale from the variable Sun. However, on this SI power scale, the nominal solar luminosity corresponds closely to M bol = 4.74, a value that was commonly adopted by astronomers before the 2015 IAU resolution. [10]
Galaxy color–magnitude diagram – Chart depicting the relationship between brightness and mass of large star systems Hayashi track – Luminosity–temperature relationship in stars Henyey track – path taken by pre-main-sequence stars in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback