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A driving cycle is a series of data points representing the speed of a vehicle versus time. Driving cycles are produced by different countries and organizations to assess the performance of vehicles in various ways, for example, fuel consumption, electric vehicle autonomy and polluting emissions.
The Urban Driving Cycle ECE-15 (or just UDC) was introduced first in 1970 as part of ECE vehicle regulations; the recent version is defined by ECE R83, R84 and R101. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 6 ] The cycle has been designed to represent typical driving conditions of busy European cities, and is characterized by low engine load, low exhaust gas temperature ...
The cycle simulates an urban route of 7.5 mi (12.07 km) with frequent stops. The maximum speed is 56.7 mph (91.2 km/h) and the average speed is 19.6 mph (31.5 km/h). The cycle has two phases: a "cold start" phase of 505 seconds over a projected distance of 3.59 mi at 25.6 mph average speed, and a "transient phase" of 864 seconds, for a total ...
UDDS stands for Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, [1] and refers to a United States Environmental Protection Agency mandated dynamometer test on fuel economy that represents city driving conditions which is used for light duty vehicle testing.
The Worldwide Harmonised Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) [1] is a global driving cycle standard for determining the levels of pollutants, CO 2 emission standards and fuel consumption of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid automobiles, as well as the all-electric range of plug-in electric vehicles.
This picture illustrates a variety of transportation systems: public transportation; private vehicle road use; and rail. Transport economics is a branch of economics founded in 1959 by American economist John R. Meyer that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector. [1]
Economic policy is often implemented at the urban level thus economic policy is often tied to urban policy (McCann 2001:3). Urban problems and public policy tie into urban economics as the theme relates urban problems, such as poverty or crime, to economics by seeking to answer questions with economic guidance.
Simple model for energy vs vehicle speed. Air resistance is the main cause expended energy per distance when driving at high steady speeds. [11] At higher speeds, wind resistance plays an increasing role in reducing fuel economy in automobiles. At 60km/h, the global average speed, energy loss due to air drag in fossil fuel cars is approximately ...