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The formula to calculate average shear stress τ or force per unit area is: [1] =, where F is the force applied and A is the cross-sectional area.. The area involved corresponds to the material face parallel to the applied force vector, i.e., with surface normal vector perpendicular to the force.
The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: . Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height),
Darcy–Weisbach equation. In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is an empirical equation that relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach.
It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy density: [1] [2] = where f is the local Fanning friction factor (dimensionless); τ is the local shear stress (units of pascals (Pa) = kg/m 2, or pounds per square foot (psf) = lbm/ft 2);
In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors ...
SI units. 6.894757 kPa. The pound per square inch (abbreviation: psi) or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/in2), [ 1 ] is a unit of measurement of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is the pressure resulting from a force with magnitude of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch.
The gauge is marked with a scale that converts the torque into a shear strength (measured in kiloNewtons per square metre). There are two scales for use with two different sizes of vane – 150-by-75-millimetre (5.9 in × 3.0 in) vanes are used for soils with shear strengths up to 50 kN/m 2 and 100-by-50-millimetre (3.9 in × 2.0 in) vanes for ...
If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same everywhere. [6]: Example 3.5 and p.116 Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton's second Law of Motion. If a ...