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In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2-), [ 1 ] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [ 2 ] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...
Photosynthesis (/ ˌfoʊtəˈsɪnθəsɪs / FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis) [ 1 ] is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
Fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in plants and algae. The photosynthetic efficiencyis the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energyduring photosynthesisin green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction. 6 H2O + 6 CO2+ energy → C6H12O6+ 6 O2.
The fact that the oxygen from green plants originated from water was first deduced by the Canadian-born American biochemist Martin David Kamen. He used a stable isotope of oxygen, 18 O, to trace the path of the oxygen from water to gaseous molecular oxygen. This reaction is catalyzed by a reactive center in Photosystem II containing four ...
In intense light, plants use various mechanisms to prevent damage to their photosystems. They are able to release some light energy as heat, but the excess light can also produce reactive oxygen species. While some of these can be detoxified by antioxidants, the remaining oxygen species will be detrimental to the photosystems of the plant. More ...
Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria. [1][2][3] Generation of mitochondrial ROS mainly takes place at the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Leakage of electrons at complex I and complex III from ...
The Mehler reaction is named after Alan H. Mehler, who, in 1951, presented data to the effect that isolated chloroplasts reduce oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [ 1 ] Mehler observed that the H2O2 formed in this way does not present an active intermediate in photosynthesis; rather, as a reactive oxygen species, it can be toxic to ...
Trifolium pratense f. pratense. Trifolium pratense var. pratense. Trifolium ukrainicumOpperman. Trifolium pratense (from Latin prātum, meaning meadow), red clover, [ 2 ][ 3 ] is a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the bean family, Fabaceae. It is native to the Old World, but planted and naturalised in many other regions.
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