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Hydrogen gas is produced by several industrial methods. [ 1 ] Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. [ 2 ][ 3 ]: 1 Most hydrogen is gray hydrogen made through steam methane reforming. In this process, hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and methane, the main component of ...
Producing green hydrogen is currently more expensive than producing gray hydrogen, and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low. [45] Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, methane pyrolysis, and extraction of underground hydrogen. [46] [47]
Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy. [1] The most common methods for producing hydrogen on an industrial scale are: Steam reforming, oil reforming, coal gasification, water electrolysis. [2] Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, because it is not naturally occurring ...
Inputs and outputs of the electrolysis of water production of hydrogen. Electrolysis of water is a conceptually simple method of producing hydrogen. 2 H 2 O(l) → 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) Commercial electrolyzers use nickel-based catalysts in strongly alkaline solution. Platinum is a better catalyst but is expensive. [110]
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production. The reaction is represented by this equilibrium: [1]
Liquid hydrogen tanks for cars, producing for example the BMW Hydrogen 7. Japan has a liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage site in Kobe port. [5] Hydrogen is liquefied by reducing its temperature to −253 °C, similar to liquefied natural gas (LNG) which is stored at −162 °C. A potential efficiency loss of only 12.79% can be achieved, or 4.26 kW ...
A broader, less-used [8] definition of green hydrogen also includes hydrogen produced through various other methods that produce relatively low emissions and meet other sustainability criteria. For example, these production methods may involve nuclear energy or biomass feedstocks. [8] [11] [12]
Considering the industrial production of hydrogen, and using current best processes for water electrolysis (PEM or alkaline electrolysis) which have an effective electrical efficiency of 70–80%, [65] [70] [71] producing 1 kg of hydrogen (which has a specific energy of 143 MJ/kg) requires 50–55 kW⋅h (180–200 MJ) of electricity.
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