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  2. Earth's crust - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_crust

    Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, referring to less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere, a solidified division of Earth 's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. [ 1 ] The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates whose motion allows heat to ...

  3. Four-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space

    For example, consider the formulas for the area enclosed by a circle in two dimensions (=) and the volume enclosed by a sphere in three dimensions (=). One might guess that the volume enclosed by the sphere in four-dimensional space is a rational multiple of π r 4 {\displaystyle \pi r^{4}} , but the correct volume is π 2 2 r 4 {\displaystyle ...

  4. Internal structure of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth

    Earth's crust and mantle, Mohorovičić discontinuity between bottom of crust and solid uppermost mantle. Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km (1,800 mi), making it the planet's thickest layer. [20] [This is 45% of the 6,371 km (3,959 mi) radius, and 83.7% of the volume - 0.6% of the volume is the crust].

  5. Structural geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_geology

    Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress ...

  6. Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

    Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust.

  7. Dimension - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension

    For example, the dimension of a point is zero; the dimension of a line is one, as a point can move on a line in only one direction (or its opposite); the dimension of a plane is two etc. The dimension is an intrinsic property of an object, in the sense that it is independent of the dimension of the space in which the object is or can be embedded.

  8. Geophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics

    Computer simulation of the Earth's magnetic field in a period of normal polarity between reversals [ 2 ] Geophysics (/ ˌdʒiːoʊˈfɪzɪks /) is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis.

  9. Abundance of elements in Earth's crust - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in...

    Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [ 5 ] siderophiles shown in yellow. Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry. The alternation of abundance between even and odd atomic number is ...