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There is considerable debate about the nature of antisemitism in Islam, including Muslim attitudes towards Jews, Islamic teachings on Jews and Judaism, and the treatment of Jews in Islamic societies throughout the history of Islam. Islamic literary sources have described Jewish groups in negative terms and have also called for acceptance of them.
In Persia, during the Safavid dynasty of the 16th and 17th centuries, Jews were forced to proclaim publicly that they had converted to Islam, and were given the name Jadid-al-Islam (New Muslims). In 1661, an Islamic edict was issued overturning these forced conversions, and the Jews returned to practicing Judaism openly.
In the centuries since the rise of Islam, many Jews living in the Muslim world were forced to convert to Islam, [citation needed] such as the Mashhadi Jews of Persia, who continued to practice Judaism in secret and eventually moved to Israel. Many of the Anusim's descendants left Judaism over the years.
Kaula al Yahudi, military commander appointed by Tariq ibn Ziyad during the Muslim conquest of Hispania; Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai, philosopher, vizier at Taifa of Zaragoza; Joseph ibn Hasdai, poet, father of Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai; Yekutiel ben Isaac ibn Hassan, poet, talmudist and vizier at Taifa of Zaragoza, fell from favor, executed.
Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, Salman the Persian. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks. [32]
The Jewish tribes of the Hejaz are seen in Islam as having been the offspring of the Israelites/Hebrews. [1] Two of Muhammad's wives were Jewish: Safiyya bint Huyayy and Rayhanah bint Zayd , both of whom belonged to the Banu Nadir by birth, though Rayhanah's status as a wife is disputed.
There were three main Jewish tribes in Medina before the rise of Islam in Arabia: the Banu Nadir, the Banu Qainuqa, and the Banu Qurayza. The Banu Nadir were hostile to Muhammad's new religion. They joined the Meccan army against the İslamic army and were defeated.
Abd Allah ibn Saba' said to Ali (peace be upon him), "You are the Worshipped One in truth." So Ali (peace be upon him) banished him to al-Madaa'in. And it is said that he was a Jew who accepted Islam and whilst upon his Judaism he used to say about Joshua bin Noon and about Moses the likes of what he said about Ali.