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46,XX/46,XY chimeric or mosaic is associated with a wide spectrum of different physical presentations, with cases ranging from having a completely normal male or female phenotype [7] [8] [9] to some cases having ovotesticular syndrome. Due to this variation, genetic testing is the only way to reliably make a diagnosis.
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of sexual development condition that is a cause of 46,XY disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD). The impaired testosterone biosynthesis by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III (17β-HSD III), [ 6 ] [ 7 ] presents as atypical genitalia in affected males.
XY complete gonadal dysgenesis, also known as Swyer syndrome, is a type of defect hypogonadism in a person whose karyotype is 46,XY. Though they typically have normal vulvas , [ 1 ] the person has underdeveloped gonads, fibrous tissue termed " streak gonads ", and if left untreated, will not experience puberty .
[9] Meanwhile in PGD, the chromosomal constellation is either 46,XX or 46,XY. Thus XX gonadal dysgenesis is also referred to as PGD, 46 XX. Meanwhile, XY gonadal dysgenesis is known as PGD, 46,XY or Swyer syndrome. Patients with PGD have a normal chromosomal constellation but may have localized genetic alterations.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46,XY undermasculinized genitalia. [ 9 ] Management of AIS is currently limited to symptomatic management ; no method is currently available to correct the malfunctioning androgen receptor proteins produced by AR gene mutations.
46,XX gonadal dysgenesis is characteristic of female hypogonadism with a karyotype of 46,XX. [8] Streak ovaries are present with non-functional tissues unable to produce the required sex steroid oestrogen. [9] Low levels of oestrogen effect the HPG axis with no feedback to the anterior pituitary to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH. [9]
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For example, 46,XY,der(4)t(4;8)(p16;q22)t(4;9)(q31;q31) would refer to a derivative chromosome 4 which is the result of a translocation between the short arm of chromosome 4 at region 1, band 6 and the long arm of chromosome 8 at region 2, band 2, and a translocation between the long arm of chromosome 4 at region 3, band 1 and the long arm of ...