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SQL refers to Structured Query Language, a kind of language used to access, update and manipulate database. In SQL, ROLLBACK is a command that causes all data changes since the last START TRANSACTION or BEGIN to be discarded by the relational database management systems (RDBMS), so that the state of the data is "rolled back" to the way it was before those changes were made.
Issuing the commands ROLLBACK or COMMIT will also discard any savepoints created since the start of the main transaction. Savepoints are defined in the SQL standard and are supported by all established SQL relational databases, including PostgreSQL , Oracle Database , Microsoft SQL Server , MySQL , IBM Db2 , SQLite (since 3.6.8), Firebird , H2 ...
The grant, revoke syntax are as part of Database administration statementsàAccount Management System. The GRANT statement enables system administrators to grant privileges and roles, which can be granted to user accounts and roles. These syntax restrictions apply: GRANT cannot mix granting both privileges and roles in the same statement.
The syntax of the SQL programming language is defined and maintained by ISO/IEC SC 32 as part of ISO/IEC 9075. This standard is not freely available. This standard is not freely available. Despite the existence of the standard, SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Commit/Rollback: If there is no conflict, make all changes take effect. If there is a conflict, resolve it, typically by aborting the transaction, although other resolution schemes are possible. If there is a conflict, resolve it, typically by aborting the transaction, although other resolution schemes are possible.
Versions 9, [10] [11] 10g and 11g implement the time-sliced queries in what they call Flashback Queries, using the alternative syntax AS OF TIMESTAMP. [12] Notably both of Oracle's implementations depend on the database's rollback segment and so only allow temporal queries against recent changes which are still being retained for backup.
You can undo the operation of removing records by using the ROLLBACK command; DELETE requires a shared table lock; Triggers fire; DELETE can be used in the case of: database link; DELETE returns the number of records deleted; Transaction log - DELETE needs to read records, check constraints, update block, update indexes, and generate redo / undo.