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Environmental factors affecting development may include both diet and disease exposure, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive experiences. [57] However, examination of environmental factors also shows that children can survive a fairly broad range of environmental experiences. [56]
The assessment of social emotional development in young children must include an assessment of both child-level factors, such as genetic disorders, physical limitations, or linguistic and cognitive developmental level, as well as contextual factors, such as family and cultural factors. [34]
Other broader social, political and economic conditions (exosystem) influence the structure and availability of microsystems and the manner in which they affect the child. Finally, social, political, and economic conditions are themselves influenced by the general beliefs and attitudes (macrosystems) shared by members of the society.
Parenting roles in child development have typically focused on the role of the mother. Recent literature, however, has looked toward the father as having an important role in child development. Affirming a role for fathers, studies have shown that children as young as 15 months benefit significantly from substantial engagement with their father.
The incidence and quality of physical activity education in early childhood education have a strong positive effect on the cognitive, social and physical development of young children. [12] Early childhood is a stage of rapid growth, development and learning and each child makes progress at different speeds and rates. [13]
Humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive. [4] Socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children. [5] [6]
A study by Ceci illustrates the numerous ways in which education can affect intelligence. It was found that; IQ decreases during summer breaks from schooling, children with delayed school entry have lower IQs, those who drop out of education earlier have lower IQs and children of the same age but of one years less schooling have lower IQ scores.
Within South Africa, there are numerous factors that affect the quality of tertiary education. The country inherited class, race, and gender inequality in the social, political, and economic spheres during the Apartheid. The 1994 constitution emphasizes higher education as useful for human resource development and of great importance to any ...