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  2. Natural approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Approach

    The natural approach is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Natural Approach has been used in ESL classes as well as foreign language classes for people of all ages and in various educational settings, from primary schools to universities. [1]

  3. Naturalistic observation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalistic_observation

    Naturalistic observation, sometimes referred to as fieldwork, is a research methodology in numerous fields of science including ethology, anthropology, linguistics, the social sciences, and psychology, in which data are collected as they occur in nature, without any manipulation by the observer.

  4. Pivotal response treatment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment

    Pivotal response treatment is a naturalistic intervention model derived from the principles of applied behavior analysis.Rather than target individual behaviors one at a time, PRT targets pivotal areas of a child's development such as motivation, [3] responsiveness to multiple cues, [4] self-management, and social initiations. [5]

  5. Observational learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_learning

    Observational learning can even encourage behaviors that were previously forbidden (for example, the violent behavior towards the Bobo doll that children imitated in Albert Bandura's study). Observational learning can also influence behaviors that are similar to, but not identical to, the ones being modeled.

  6. Observational methods in psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_Methods_in...

    Naturalistic observation may also be time consuming, sometimes requiring dozens of observation sessions lasting large parts of each day to collect information on the behavior of interest. Lastly, because behavior is perceived so subjectively, it is possible that different observers notice different things, or draw different conclusions from ...

  7. Recast (language teaching) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recast_(language_teaching)

    For example, in German: Student: "Ich möchte haben ein Stift." Teacher: "Du möchtest einen Stift haben?" Here, the teacher has corrected the student's incorrect positioning of the infinitive "haben" and their declension of the indefinite article "ein". In this form the recast is usually more than a simple repeating of the learner's words.

  8. Theory of multiple intelligences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple...

    Gardner maintains that his theory should "empower learners", not restrict them to one modality of learning. [42] According to Gardner, an intelligence is "a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture". [ 43 ]

  9. Social learning in animals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learning_in_animals

    Opportunity providing is a social learning mechanism in which the experienced individual puts the observer in a situation that facilitates the acquisition of knowledge or a new skill. [1] A well known example of unintentional opportunity providing is the transmission of feeding behavior in black rats (Rattus rattus). One pilot study determined ...