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Air-conditioner sizes are often given as "tons" of cooling, where 1 ton of cooling equals 12,000 BTU/h (3.5 kW). 1 ton of cooling equals the amount of power that needs to be applied continuously over a 24-hour period to melt 1 ton of ice. The annual cost of electric energy consumed by an air conditioner may be calculated as follows:
[1] [2] Higher COPs equate to higher efficiency, lower energy (power) consumption and thus lower operating costs. The COP is used in thermodynamics . The COP usually exceeds 1, especially in heat pumps, because instead of just converting work to heat (which, if 100% efficient, would be a COP of 1), it pumps additional heat from a heat source to ...
Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU IT per hour, or 3,517 watts. [60]
Just as horsepower and candlepower were intuitive units of measure for people living through the transition from horse to steam power [3] and from flame-based to electric lighting, so was the ton of refrigeration an intuitive unit of measure during a technological change, as the ice trade gradually included growing percentages of artificial ice ...
Air conditioning applications are expected to rise. [30] However, this can be significantly reduced with the mass production of low-cost PDRCs for indoor space cooling. [7] [8] [91] A multilayer PDRC surface covering 10% of a building's roof can replace 35% of air conditioning used during the hottest hours of daytime. [7]
For air conditioners, the directive applies only to units under 12 kW. Every label contains the following information: the model, the energy efficiency category from A+++ to G, the annual energy consumption (full load at 500 hours per year) the cooling output at full load in kW; the energy efficiency ratio in cooling mode at full load
This is a very common unit type. The rising cost of energy means that air conditioning manufacturers must develop a new generation of high-efficiency, cost-effective air conditioners for commercial buildings that meet or exceed a part-load efficiency standard of typically 18 IEER. The aim is to reduce energy use by 30% over current equipment.
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]