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-i, do not classify the file further than to identify it as either: nonexistent, a block special file, a character special file, a directory, a FIFO, a socket, a symbolic link, or a regular file. Linux [6] and BSD [7] systems behave differently with this option and instead output an Internet media type ("MIME type") identifying the recognized ...
The possible search criteria include a pattern to match against the filename or a time range to match against the modification time or access time of the file. By default, find returns a list of all files below the current working directory, although users can limit the search to any desired maximum number of levels under the starting directory.
A file signature is data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or magic bytes. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible.
Linux, macOS, Windows Genozip, a compressor for genomic file formats such as FASTQ, BAM, VCF and others. [4].gz application/ gzip [5] gzip: Unix-like GNU Zip, the primary compression format used by Unix-like systems. The compression algorithm is Deflate, which combines LZSS with Huffman coding. .lz application/ x-lzip: lzip: Unix-like
date: Misc Mandatory Display the date and time Version 1 AT&T UNIX dd: Filesystem Mandatory Convert and copy a file Version 5 AT&T UNIX delta: SCCS Optional (XSI) Make a delta (change) to an SCCS file PWB UNIX df: Filesystem Mandatory Report free disk space Version 1 AT&T UNIX diff: Text processing Mandatory Compare two files; see also cmp
The most common special file is the directory. The layout of a directory file is defined by the filesystem used. As several filesystems are available under Unix, both native and non-native, there is no one directory file layout. A directory is marked with a d as the first letter in the mode field in the output of ls -dl [5] or stat, e.g.
This is because the redirection form opens the file as the stdin file descriptor which command can fully access, while the cat form simply provides the data as a stream of bytes. Another common case where cat is unnecessary is where a command defaults to operating on stdin, but will read from a file, if the filename is given as an argument.
In addition to the binary application code, the executables may contain headers and tables with relocation and fixup information as well as various kinds of meta data. Among those formats listed, the ones in most common use are PE (on Microsoft Windows), ELF (on Linux and most other versions of Unix), Mach-O (on macOS and iOS) and MZ (on DOS).