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The largest use of palladium today is in catalytic converters. [41] Palladium is also used in jewelry, dentistry, [41] [42] watch making, blood sugar test strips, aircraft spark plugs, surgical instruments, and electrical contacts. [43] Palladium is also used to make some professional transverse (concert or classical) flutes. [44]
Ruthenium red, [(NH 3) 5 Ru-O-Ru(NH 3) 4-O-Ru(NH 3) 5] 6+, is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy. [66] The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly malignant melanomas of the uvea. [67]
Palladium forms a variety of ionic, coordination, and organopalladium compounds, typically with oxidation state Pd 0 or Pd 2+. Palladium(III) compounds have also been reported. Palladium compounds are frequently used as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions such as the Sonogashira coupling and Suzuki reaction.
Organopalladium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic palladium compounds and their reactions. Palladium is often used as a catalyst in the reduction of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen. This process involves the formation of a palladium-carbon covalent bond.
It has been employed as a catalyst since the early 19th century, when platinum powder was used to catalyze the ignition of hydrogen. Its most important application is in automobiles as a catalytic converter , which allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Rhodium has numerous meta states, the most stable being 102m Rh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 2.9 years and 101m Rh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days (see isotopes of rhodium). [ 31 ] In isotopes weighing less than 103 (the stable isotope), the primary decay mode is electron capture and the primary decay product is ruthenium .
The oxide is obtained as a black powder. The oxide also may be prepared specially for catalytic use by heating variously a mixture of palladium(II) chloride and potassium nitrate, 2 PdCl 2 + 4 KNO 3 → 2 PdO + 4 KCl + 4 NO 2 + O 2 (possible reaction) or the product of dissolving palladium in aqua regia, followed by the addition of sodium ...
Palladium on carbon, often referred to as Pd/C, is a form of palladium used as a catalyst. [1] The metal is supported on activated carbon to maximize its surface area and activity . Uses