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[2] [3] The amount of taxine alkaloids depends on the species of yew, with Taxus baccata and Taxus cuspidata containing the most. [4] The major taxine alkaloids are taxine A and taxine B although there are at least 10 different alkaloids. [5] Until 1956, it was believed that all the taxine alkaloids were one single compound named taxine. [4]
Taxus baccata is a species of evergreen tree in the family Taxaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe, as well as Northwest Africa, northern Iran, and Southwest Asia. [4] It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known, it may be referred to as common yew , [ 5 ] European yew ...
They are many-branched, small trees and shrubs.The leaves are evergreen, spirally arranged, often twisted at the base to appear 2-ranked.They are linear to lanceolate, and have pale green or white stomatal bands on the undersides.
Taxus baccata leaves contain approximately 5 mg of taxines per 1g of leaves. [9] The estimated (i.e. not by any means a fact) lethal dose (LD min) of Taxus baccata leaves is 3.0-6.5 mg/kg body weight for humans [16] There is currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning, but drugs such as atropine have been used to treat the symptoms. [17]
T. baccata appears throughout Europe and into western Asia. [2] T. cuspidata occurs over much of East Asia, in China, Japan, Korea, and Sakhalin. [13] Taxus brevifolia ranges in the United States from California to Montana and Alaska, [12] while Taxus canadensis appears in the northeastern United States and southeast Canada. [2]
Cephalotaxus species produce cephalotaxine, an alkaloid.Parry et al 1980 provides evidence that cephalotaxine is a phenylethylisoquinoline.However, they also find this genus to be unable to incorporate cinnamic acid into cephalotaxine, and incorporation of cinnamic acid is usually a step in phenylethylisoquinoline syntheses, throwing the phenylethylisoquinoline theory in to question.
Taxus × media, also referred to as the Hybrid yew, Anglo-Japanese yew, or Anglojap yew is a conifer (more specifically, a yew) created by the hybridization of English yew Taxus baccata and Japanese yew Taxus cuspidata. [1] [2] This hybridization is thought to have been performed by the Massachusetts-based horticulturalist T.D. Hatfield in the ...
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