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The capacity credit can be much lower than the capacity factor (CF): in a not very probable scenario, if the riskiest time for the power system is after sunset, the capacity credit for solar power without coupled energy storage is zero regardless of its CF [3] (under this scenario all existing conventional power plants would have to be retained after the solar installation is added).
Voltage regulation describes the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. The term may refer to a passive property that results in more or less voltage drop under various load conditions, or to the active intervention with devices for the specific purpose of adjusting voltage.
Solar PV and wind turbines have a capacity factor limited by the availability of their "fuel", sunshine and wind respectively. A hydroelectricity plant may have a capacity factor lower than 100% due to restriction or scarcity of water, or its output may be regulated to match the current power need, conserving its stored water for later usage.
As can be seen from the derating curve image for a hypothetical bipolar junction transistor, the device (rated for 100 W at 25 °C (77 °F)) cannot be expected to dissipate anything more than about 40 W if the ambient temperature is such that the temperature at which the device's case will stabilize (after heat-sinking) is 65 °C (149 °F).
Nameplate capacity, also known as the rated capacity, nominal capacity, installed capacity, maximum effect or gross capacity, [1] is the intended full-load sustained output of a facility such as a power station, [2] [3] electric generator, a chemical plant, [4] fuel plant, mine, [5] metal refinery, [6] and many others.
The nominal power of PV devices is measured under standard test conditions (STC), specified in standards such as IEC 61215, IEC 61646 and UL 1703. Specifically, the light intensity is 1000 W/m 2, with a spectrum similar to sunlight hitting the Earth's surface at latitude 35°N in the summer (airmass 1.5), the temperature of the cells being 25 °C.
For AC-operated devices (e.g. coaxial cable, loudspeakers), there may even be two power ratings, a maximum (peak) power rating and an average power rating. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For such devices, the peak power rating usually specifies the low frequency or pulse energy, while the average power rating limits high-frequency operation. [ 5 ]
LiFePO4 3.2 V. Slightly taller version of the 38120 cells, most often used in electric bikes. Height including the screw terminals: 154 mm [citation needed] 40152: 40152s 15,000 40: 152 LiFePO4 3.2 V. Largest cylindrical LiFePO4 cells. Height including the screw terminals: 167 mm [citation needed] 4680: 46800 [citation needed] 9,000 [citation ...