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In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. [ 1 ]
The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector , which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland .
This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a ...
Many biological circuits produce complex outputs by exploiting one or more feedback loops. In a sequence of biochemical events, feedback would refer to a downstream element in the sequence (B in the adjacent image) affecting some upstream component (A in the adjacent image) to affect its own production or activation (output) in the future.
Systems Biology: An Overview by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005. Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System, by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999. It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution.
All organisms face the computational challenges above, so neural circuits for motor control have been studied in humans, monkeys, [10] horses, cats, [11] mice, [12] fish [13] lamprey, [14] flies, [15] locusts, [16] and nematodes, [17] among many others. Mammalian model systems like mice and monkeys offer the most straightforward comparative ...
Maintaining balance requires coordination of input from multiple sensory systems including the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems. [3]Vestibular system: sense organs that regulate equilibrium (equilibrioception); directional information as it relates to head position (internal gravitational, linear, and angular acceleration)
In physiology, motor coordination is the orchestrated movement of multiple body parts as required to accomplish intended actions, like walking. This coordination is achieved by adjusting kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with each body part involved in the intended movement.