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Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated basidiomycetous yeast [1] belonging to the class Tremellomycetes and an obligate aerobe [2] that can live in both plants and animals. Its teleomorph is a filamentous fungus, formerly referred to Filobasidiella neoformans. In its yeast state, it is often found in bird excrement.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast [5] that is a common member of the human gut flora.It can also survive outside the human body. [6] [7] It is detected in the gastrointestinal tract and mouth in 40–60% of healthy adults.
By the late 18th century two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (top-fermenting yeast) and S. pastorianus (bottom-fermenting yeast). S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780; while, around 1800, the Germans started producing S. cerevisiae in the form of cream.
These yeasts live as decomposers, feeding on dead and decaying wood, leaves, litter, and other organic matter. According to Suh et al. (2006), "yeasts are responsible for important industrial and biotechnological processes, including baking, brewing and synthesis of recombinant proteins," with Saccharomycetes being model organisms in research.
The genus Filobasidiella forms basidia on hyphae but the main infectious stage is more commonly known by the anamorphic yeast name Cryptococcus, e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans [19] and Cryptococcus gattii. [18] The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual ...