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Views take very little space to store; the database contains only the definition of a view, not a copy of all the data that it presents. Views structure data in a way that classes of users find natural and intuitive. [2] Just as a function (in programming) can provide abstraction, so can a database view. In another parallel with functions ...
CRUD is also relevant at the user interface level of most applications. For example, in address book software, the basic storage unit is an individual contact entry. As a bare minimum, the software must allow the user to: [6] Create, or add new entries; Read, retrieve, search, or view existing entries; Update, or edit existing entries
If set, the mysqlnd library will check the result set meta data column types and convert numeric SQL columns to PHP numbers, if the PHP data type value range allows for it. This way, for example, SQL INT columns are returned as integers. Example: Native data types with mysqlnd and connection option
If the data access layer supports multiple database types, the application becomes able to use whatever databases the DAL can talk to. In either circumstance, having a data access layer provides a centralized location for all calls into the database, and thus makes it easier to port the application to other database systems (assuming that 100% ...
The user then has the ability to have programs communicate with ODBC, which then relays the results back and forth between the user programs and the database. The downside of this abstraction level is the increased overhead to transform statements into constructs understood by the target database.
The active record pattern is an approach to accessing data in a database. A database table or view is wrapped into a class. Thus, an object instance is tied to a single row in the table. After creation of an object, a new row is added to the table upon save. Any object loaded gets its information from the database.
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Some - can only reverse engineer the entire database at once and drops any user modifications to the diagram (can't "refresh" the diagram to match the database) Forward engineering - the ability to update the database schema with changes made to its entities and relationships via the ER diagram visual designer Yes - can update user-selected ...