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With galactography, a larger part of the ductal system can be visualized than with the endoscopic investigation of a duct (called galactoscopy or ductoscopy). Causes for nipple discharge include duct ectasia, intraductal papilloma, and occasionally ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive ductal carcinoma. [1]
Intraductal papillomas of the breast are benign lesions with an incidence of approximately 2-3% in humans. [1] They result from abnormal proliferation of the epithelial cells lining the breast ducts. [2] Two types of intraductal papillomas are generally distinguished. The central type develops near the nipple.
Papillary carcinomas of the breast (PCB), also termed malignant papillary carcinomas of the breast, are rare forms of the breast cancers. [1] The World Health Organization (2019) classified papillary neoplasms (i.e. benign or cancerous tumors) of the breast into 5 types: intraductal papilloma, papillary ductal carcinoma in situ (PDCIS), encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC), solid-papillary ...
Duct ectasia of the breast, mammary duct ectasia or plasma cell mastitis is a condition that occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens, the duct walls thicken, and the duct fills with fluid. This is the most common cause of greenish discharge. [1] Mammary duct ectasia can mimic breast cancer. It is a disorder of peri- or post-menopausal ...
phyllodes tumor and intraductal papilloma of the breast; mastalgia is frequently caused by an imbalance of breast secretion in the lobules and resorption in the ducts; nonpuerperal mastitis is frequently caused by a similar mechanism in combination with an infection; duct ectasia is similar and overlapping with the above-mentioned
They usually feel round and firm and have smooth borders. Adenomas are not related to breast cancer. [8] Intraductal papillomas are wart-like growths in the ducts of the breast. These lumps are usually felt just under the nipple and can cause a bloody discharge from the nipple.
Up to half of women with intraductal papillomas may present with bloody nipple discharge, but it can also be straw-coloured. [4] They are usually too small to feel and have a rare association with breast cancer. [5] [10] 15-20% of people with nipple discharge are found to have duct ectasia. [4]
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a type of tumor that can occur within the cells of the pancreatic duct. IPMN tumors produce mucus, [1] and this mucus can form pancreatic cysts. [2] Although intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms are benign tumors, they can progress to pancreatic cancer. [1]