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A free gingival graft is a dental procedure where a small layer of tissue is removed from the palate of the patient's mouth and then relocated to the site of gum recession. It is sutured (stitched) into place and will serve to protect the exposed root as living tissue. The donor site will heal over a period of time without damage.
1: Total loss of attachment (clinical attachment loss, CAL) is the sum of 2: Gingival recession, and 3: Probing depth. Gingival recession, also known as gum recession and receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth. [1]
Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure performed by a dentist, or more frequently a periodontist, where more tooth is exposed by removing some of the gingival margin (gum) and supporting bone. [1] Crown lengthening can also be achieved orthodontically (using braces) by extruding the tooth.
The dental pulp is the central part of the tooth filled with soft connective tissue. [16] This tissue contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth from a hole at the apex of the root. [23] Along the border between the dentin and the pulp are odontoblasts, which initiate the formation of dentin. [16]
In the tooth bud, regions where enamel formation is completed, the enamel organ gives rise to Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, composed of two epithelial layers derived from the external and internal epithelia. The sheath is irregularly fragmented in time and space as it promotes cementum deposition on the newly formed dentin.
Intraoral X-rays or a 3-D cone beam scan of the affected area can be used to obtain radiological images and confirm diagnosis of cysts in the periapical area. Circular or ovoid radiolucency surrounding the root tip of approximately 1-1.5 cm in diameter is indicative of the presence of a periapical cyst. [2]
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The proximity of the root to the canal can be assessed radiographically and there are several factors which can indicate high risk of nerve damage: [21] Darkening of the tooth root where it crosses the canal [21] Deviation of the canal [21] Narrowing of the roots [21] Loss of the lamina dura of the canal [21]