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The fighting qualities of the sea-going Cossacks were even admired in the Ottoman chronicles: "One can safely say that in the entire world one cannot find a people more careless for their lives or having less fear of death; persons versed in navigation assert that because of their skill and boldness in naval battles these bands are more ...
Although the Cossacks were sometimes portrayed by Bolsheviks and, later, émigré historians, as a monolithic counterrevolutionary group during the civil war, there were many Cossacks who fought with the Red Army throughout the conflict, known as Red Cossacks. Many poorer Cossack communities also remained receptive to the communist message.
The conflict resulted from both states' attempts to exert control over the independent-minded Cossacks. While the early uprisings were against the Commonwealth, as the Russian Empire gained increasing and then total control over the Ruthenian lands where most of Cossacks lived, the target of Cossack uprisings changed as well. [1] [3] [4]
The capture of Azov by Cossacks severally undermined the ability of Crimean-Nogai Tatars to continue their raids. Merchants were coming to Azov and opened shops there. Garrison of the city consisted of 4,000 Don Cossacks and 700 Zaporozhian Cossacks during that time. [9] Tatars sporadically clashed with Cossacks over control of Azov.
The wind gave the Cossacks the opportunity to attack the Turks. The Turks pushed on, but the Cossacks did not react. Damat Halil Pasha thought that if the Turks were unsuccessful, the Cossacks would make an even more significant blow to Istanbul. By evening the Cossacks were in the coastal waters of Istanbul, and then they returned to their ...
Turkish-Tatar army launched their campaign into the Sich once the rivers froze, at night to avoid getting detected. However, they were noticed by a Cossack named Shevchuk or Chefchika, who alerted his comrades, and made the presence of intruders in the Sich known to the other 150–350 Cossacks, which allowed them to react on time and equip their guns.
When the Cossacks' entreaties were rejected, they chose to respond with force. Under the leadership of Vasilii Poyarkov in 1645 and Yerofei Khabarov in 1650 many people, including members of the Daur tribe, were killed by the Cossacks. 8,000 out of a previous population of 20,000 in Kamchatka remained after the first half century of the Russian ...
In particular, they used a massive "trench gun", firing an 80-millimetre (3.1 in) ball, which was "feared by their enemies". [50] Janissaries also made extensive use of early grenades and hand cannons, such as the abus gun. [28] Pistols were not initially popular, but they became so after the Cretan War (1645–1669). [51]