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Understanding whether a culture is high or low can dramatically improve communication effectiveness. In high-context cultures, where much of the communication is implicit, knowing the context allows individuals to pick up on non-verbal cues and indirect messages, thus facilitating smoother interactions.
Defense - people perceive other cultures in a competitive way, or in an us-against-them way; Minimization - people assume that their distinct cultural worldview is shared by others, or when they perceive their culture's values as fundamental or universal human values that apply to everyone.
A cultural divide is the virtual barrier caused by cultural differences, that hinder interactions, and harmonious exchange between people of different cultures. For example, avoiding eye contact with a superior shows deference and respect in East Asian cultures, but can be interpreted as suspicious behavior in Western cultures. [2]
The concept involves two propositions: firstly, that people are shaped by their culture, and secondly, that culture is shaped by its people. [2] Cultural psychology aims to define culture, its nature, and its function concerning psychological phenomena. Gerd Baumann argues: "Culture is not a real thing, but an abstract analytical notion.
Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's personalities across cultures. [61] [62] As different cultures dictate distinctive norms, culture shock is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures.
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication.It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.
Cultural schema theory is a cognitive theory that explains how people organize and process information about events and objects in their cultural environment. [1] According to the theory, individuals rely on schemas, or mental frameworks, to understand and make sense of the world around them.
The Malinowskian dictum focuses on the idea that there is a necessity to understand the culture of a society in its own terms instead of the common search for finding universal laws that apply to all human behavior. [12] Cross-culture psychologists have used the emic/etic distinction for some time. [13] The emic approach studies behavior from ...