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Tube must be filled to the proper line. Plain red No additive: Serum: Total complement activity, cryoglobulins: Gold (sometimes red and grey "tiger top" [3]) Clot activator and serum separating gel [4] Serum-separating tube (SST): Tube inversions promote clotting.
These tubes should be used with care when measuring drug or hormone levels because the drug or hormone may diffuse from the serum into the gel, causing a reduction in measured level. The gel in SST II tubes (which appears slightly less opaque) is supposed [weasel words] to have less effect on drug levels in serum. [citation needed]
Vacutainer tubes may contain additives designed to stabilize and preserve the specimen prior to analytical testing. Tubes are available with a safety-engineered stopper, with a variety of labeling options and draw volumes. The color of the top indicates the additives in the vial. [1] Vacutainer tubes were invented by Joseph Kleiner in 1949. [2]
Reagent testers might show the colour of the desired substance while not showing a different colour for a more dangerous additive. [2] For this reason it is essential to use multiple different tests to show all adulterants.
Phlebotomy is the process of making a puncture in a vein, usually in the arm, with a cannula for the purpose of drawing blood. [1] The procedure itself is known as a venipuncture , which is also used for intravenous therapy .
Whole blood is taken with either citrate or oxalate additive (if using the vacutainer system, this is a light blue top tube). As with other coagulation assays, the tube must not be over- or under-filled in order to ensure the correct anticoagulant-to-blood ratio: one part anticoagulant per nine parts blood.
After centrifugation, one can distinguish a layer of clear fluid (the plasma), a layer of red fluid containing erythrocytes, and a thin layer in between.Composing less than 1% of the total volume of the blood sample, the buffy coat (so-called because it is usually buff in hue), contains most of the leukocytes and thrombocytes.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) or leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is a derivative of PRP where autologous platelets and leukocytes are present in a complex fibrin matrix [1] [2] to accelerate the healing of soft and hard tissue [3] and is used as a tissue-engineering scaffold in oral and maxillofacial surgeries.