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The protoplasmic material of the nucleus including the nucleolus labelled as nucleoplasm. The nucleoplasm, also known as karyoplasm, [1] is the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus, the most prominent organelle of the eukaryotic cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane. [2]
The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space. It is usually about 10–50 nm wide. [5] [6] The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. [4] The nuclear envelope has many nuclear pores that allow materials to move between the cytosol and the nucleus. [4]
U nucleus has an excitation energy below the critical fission energy." [4]: 25–28 [5]: 282–287 [10] [11] About 6 MeV of the fission-input energy is supplied by the simple binding of an extra neutron to the heavy nucleus via the strong force; however, in many fissionable isotopes, this amount of energy is not enough for fission.
A model of an atomic nucleus showing it as a compact bundle of protons (red) and neutrons (blue), the two types of nucleons.In this diagram, protons and neutrons look like little balls stuck together, but an actual nucleus (as understood by modern nuclear physics) cannot be explained like this, but only by using quantum mechanics.
In alpha decay, a particle containing two protons and two neutrons, equivalent to a He nucleus, breaks out of the parent nucleus. The process represents a competition between the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons in the nucleus and attractive nuclear force, a residual of the strong interaction. The alpha particle is an especially ...
Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or particle, they then separate without changing the nature of any nuclide, the process is simply referred to as a type of nuclear scattering, rather than a nuclear reaction.
The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons). In the Standard model of particle physics, nucleons are in the group called hadrons, the smallest known particles in the universe to have measurable size and shape. [1]
Computing the total disintegration energy given by the equation = (), where m i is the initial mass of the nucleus, m f is the mass of the nucleus after particle emission, and m p is the mass of the emitted (alpha-)particle, one finds that in certain cases it is positive and so alpha particle emission is possible, whereas other decay modes ...