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English: Vowel chart of Toronto English, showing the w:Canadian Shift from /ɪ,ɛ,æ/ (kit, dress, trap) towards /ʊ,ʌ,ɑ/ (koot, druss, trop) as well as the w:cot-caught merger towards a rounded low back vowel /ɒ/ (not a lot → nawt a lawt). /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ normally remain distinct from /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ as the latter are still more front.
You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
Own work, based on the vowel chart in Rogers, Henry (2000) The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, p. 124 . This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this file:
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Pure vowels of a Standard Canadian English speaker in Toronto on a vowel chart, from Tse (2018:141). It shows the Canadian Shift from [ɪ, ɛ, æ] towards [ɘ, ɛ̠, ä] as well as the cot-caught merger towards a rounded open back vowel .
English: This image juxtaposes the results of two studies on the Canadian Shift (Boberg [1] and Clarke [2]). The red arrows are shifts described by Clarke. The blue arrows are shifts described by Boberg. The purple arrow is a shift described by both.
In particular, Standard Canadian English is defined by the cot–caught merger to ⓘ and an accompanying chain shift of vowel sounds, which is called the Canadian Shift. A subset of the dialect geographically at its central core, excluding British Columbia to the west and everything east of Montreal, has been called Inland Canadian English.
All regional Canadian English dialects, unless specifically stated otherwise, are rhotic, with the father–bother merger, cot–caught merger, and pre-nasal "short a" tensing. The broadest regional dialects include: Standard Canadian The Standard Canadian dialect, including its most advanced Inland Canadian sub-type and others, is defined by:
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