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In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...
An overhead condenser is a heat exchange equipment used for condensing the mixture leaving the top of the column. Either cooling water or air is used as a cooling agent. An overhead accumulator is a horizontal pressure vessel containing the condensed mixture. Pumps can be used to control the reflux to the column.
Liebig condenser. The Liebig condenser (/ ˈ l iː b ɪ ɡ /, LEE-big) [1] or straight condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment, specifically a condenser consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket. In typical laboratory operation, such as distillation, the condenser is clamped to a retort stand in vertical
Figure 1: Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. Vigreux column in a laboratory setup. A laboratory fractionating column is a piece of glassware used to separate vaporized mixtures of liquid compounds with close volatility.
In practice, distillation may be carried out by either two principal methods. The first method is based on the production of vapor boiling the liquid mixture to be separated and condensing the vapors without allowing any liquid to return to the still. There is no reflux. The second method is based on the return of part of the condensate to ...
The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [1] and laboratory [2] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.
The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. Differential centrifugation . Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes , or isotopes , or a suspension ) is divided during a phase transition , into a number of smaller quantities ( fractions ...