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Exposure hierarchies typically consist of 10-15 items and will guide the client’s exposure practices. [1] An abbreviated example of an exposure hierarchy is pictured in Image 1. Image 1: Exposure hierarchy example for treating public speaking fears.
The most known example for context anxiety is public speaking; almost 70% of students have a certain level of communication apprehension triggered by public speaking. [6] There are other contexts that can create a similar response such as speaking in front of class, small group discussions, or meetings. [5]
Training courses in public speaking and/or organizations such as Australian Rostrum, Toastmasters International, POWERtalk International, and Association of Speakers Clubs or cultural activities at school level can help people to reduce their fear of public speaking to manageable levels. [8]
Public speaking, also called oratory, is the practice of delivering speeches to a live audience. [3] Throughout history, public speaking has held significant cultural, religious, and political importance, emphasizing the necessity of effective rhetorical skills. It allows individuals to connect with a group of people to discuss any topic.
An Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) is a standardized, global assessment of functional speaking ability.Taking the form of a conversation between the tester and test-taker, the test measures how well a person speaks a language by assessing their performance of a range of language tasks against specified criteria. [1]
The level of measurement – known as the scale, index, or typology – will determine what can be concluded from the data. A yes/no question will only reveal how many of the sample group answered yes or no, lacking the resolution to determine an average response.
A 95% confidence level does not mean that 95% of the sample data lie within the confidence interval. A 95% confidence level does not mean that there is a 95% probability of the parameter estimate from a repeat of the experiment falling within the confidence interval computed from a given experiment.
In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule, and sometimes abbreviated 3sr, is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within an interval estimate in a normal distribution: approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively.