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Rankine's theory (maximum-normal stress theory), developed in 1857 by William John Macquorn Rankine, [1] is a stress field solution that predicts active and passive earth pressure. It assumes that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is frictionless, the soil-wall interface is vertical, the failure surface on which the soil moves is planar, and ...
The critical state friction angle is not nearly as variable as the peak friction angle and hence it can be relied upon with confidence. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 11 ] Not recognizing the significance of dilatancy, Coulomb proposed that the shear strength of soil may be expressed as a combination of adhesion and friction components: [ 11 ]
An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...
The amount of dilation depends strongly on the initial density of the soil. In general, the denser the soil, the greater the amount of volume expansion under shear. It has also been observed that the angle of internal friction decreases as the effective normal stress is decreased. [9]
Angle of internal friction for some materials Material Friction angle in degrees Rock: 30 ° Sand: 30 ° to 45 ° Gravel: 35 ° Silt: 26 ° to 35 ° Clay: 20 ° Loose sand 30 ° to 35 ° Medium sand 40 ° Dense sand 35 ° to 45 ° Sandy gravel > 34 ° to 48 °
Angle of repose of a heap of sand Sandpile from the Matemateca collection. The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, [1] of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane on which the material can be piled without slumping. At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of ...
This behavior, critical state soil mechanics simply assumes as a given. For these reasons, critical-state and elasto-plastic soil mechanics have been subject to charges of scholasticism; the tests to demonstrated its validity are usually "conformation tests" where only simple stress-strain curves are demonstrated to be modeled satisfactorily.
Both the friction angle and cohesion can be considered for each slice. In the general case of the method of slices, the forces acting on a slice are shown in the figure below. The normal ( E r , E l {\displaystyle E_{r},E_{l}} ) and shear ( S r , S l {\displaystyle S_{r},S_{l}} ) forces between adjacent slices constrain each slice and make the ...