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The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union [e] ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.
The conclusion of the American Civil War commenced with the articles of surrender agreement of the Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, at Appomattox Court House, by General Robert E. Lee and concluded with the surrender of the CSS Shenandoah on November 6, 1865, bringing the hostilities of the American Civil War to a close. [1]
As Leninism developed, Lenin revised the established Marxist orthodoxy and introduced innovations in Marxist thought. [ 424 ] In his theoretical writings, particularly Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism , Lenin discussed what he regarded as developments in capitalism since Marx's death; in his view, it had reached the new stage of ...
To feed the populaces of town and country, Lenin instituted war communism (1918–1921) as a necessary condition—adequate supplies of food and weapons—for fighting the Russian Civil War. [18] In March 1921, the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921–1929) allowed limited local capitalism (private commerce and internal free trade) and replaced ...
In particular, he denounced German Marxist Karl Kautsky for supporting the German Social-Democratic Party. [94] Lenin was heavily involved in the socialist response to the conflict, attending the leftist anti-war Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915, and a second Kiental conference in April 1916, although neither were well attended. [95]
[44] [45] Lenin viewed the civil war as "an inevitable continuation, development and intensification of the class struggle". [ 46 ] By the beginning of the February Revolution, the leading figures of the Bolshevik faction were mainly in exile or in emigration, and therefore the Bolsheviks did not take an organized part in it.
Mervyn Matthews criticized Marxism–Leninism for failing to solve poverty, noting that a large number of people in the Soviet Union were still in poverty despite its planned economy. [224] The principle in Marxism–Leninism of one-party state with unitary power and democratic centralism has been argued as leading to authoritarianism. [225]
Revolutionary defeatism is a concept made most prominent by Vladimir Lenin in World War I.It is based on the Marxist idea of class struggle.Arguing that the proletariat could not win or gain when fighting a war under capitalism, Lenin declared its true enemy is the imperialist leaders who sent their lower classes into battle.