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In organic chemistry, hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes (R−CH=O) from alkenes (R 2 C=CR 2). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This chemical reaction entails the net addition of a formyl group ( −CHO ) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond .
In 1953 evidence was disclosed that it is the active catalyst for the conversion of alkenes, CO, and H 2 to aldehydes, a process known as hydroformylation (oxo reaction). [12] Although the use of cobalt-based hydroformylation has since been largely superseded by rhodium-based catalysts, the world output of C 3 –C 18 aldehydes produced by ...
Karstedt's catalyst is an organoplatinum compound derived from divinyl-containing disiloxane.This coordination complex is widely used in hydrosilylation catalysis. It is a colorless solid that is generally assumed to be a mixture of related Pt(0) alkene complexes.
This metal carbonyl is used as a reagent and catalyst in organometallic chemistry and organic synthesis, and is central to much known organocobalt chemistry. [2] [3] It is the parent member of a family of hydroformylation catalysts. [4]
Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this: R−M + R'−X → R−R' + MX (R, R' = organic fragments, usually aryl; M = main group center such as Li or MgX; X = halide) These reactions are used to form carbon–carbon bonds but also carbon-heteroatom bonds.
Also in the industrial process of (non-oxidative) dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, the potassium-promoted iron oxide catalyst is coated with a carbon layer as the active phase. In another early example, [ 2 ] a variety of substituted nitrobenzenes were reduced to the corresponding aniline using hydrazine and graphite as the catalyst.
This process interconverts propylene with ethylene and 2-butenes. Rhenium and molybdenum catalysts are used. Nowadays, only the reverse reaction, i.e., the conversion of ethylene and 2-butene to propylene is industrially practiced, however. [6] Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) produces (alpha-olefins) for conversion to detergents. The process ...
The structure illustrates terminal oxo, doubly-bridging oxo, triply bridging oxo, and six-fold bridging oxo ligands. A common reaction exhibited by metal-oxo compounds is olation, the condensation process that converts low molecular weight oxides to polymers with M-O-M linkages. Olation often begins with the deprotonation of a metal-hydroxo ...