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Primary polydipsia may have physiological causes, such as autoimmune hepatitis. Since primary polydipsia is a diagnosis of exclusion, the diagnosis may be made for patients who have medically unexplained excessive thirst, and this is sometimes incorrectly referred to as psychogenic rather than primary polydipsia.
Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome (English: / f ɑː n ˈ k oʊ n i /, / f æ n-/) is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules [1] of the kidney.The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug reactions. [2]
The most common cause of polyuria in both adults and children is uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, [6] which causes osmotic diuresis; when glucose levels are so high that glucose is excreted in the urine. Water follows the glucose concentration passively, leading to abnormally high urine output. [citation needed]
Polydipsia can be characteristic of diabetes mellitus, often as an initial symptom. It is observed in cases of poorly controlled diabetes, which is sometimes the result of low patient adherence to anti-diabetic medication. [1] Diabetes insipidus ("tasteless" diabetes, as opposed to diabetes mellitus) can also cause polydipsia. [1]
The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2] The major causes of acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that produce clinical symptoms (e.g., polyuria) in the adult are lithium toxicity and high blood calcium.
Juvenile nephronophthisis causes fibrosis and scarring of the kidneys, which accounts for the symptoms observed. The kidneys also often have corticomedullary cysts. [1] Inability to conserve sodium because of defect of tubules leading to polyuria and polydipsia. Anemia is attributed to a deficiency of erythropoietin production by failing kidneys.
Nocturia, polyuria, and polydipsia from reduced urinary concentrating capacity (i.e. nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) as can be seen in hypercalcemia, medullary nephrocalcinosis of any cause, or in children with Bartter syndrome in whom essential tubular salt reabsorption is compromised. [4]
A fluid or water deprivation test is a medical test [1] which can be used to determine whether the patient has diabetes insipidus as opposed to other causes of polydipsia (a condition of excessive thirst that causes an excessive intake of water). The patient is required, for a prolonged period, to forgo intake of water completely, to determine ...