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  2. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    A plot of K v versus frequency (v) for various values of temperature (T) gives a family of blackbody radiation energy spectra, and likewise for the entropy spectra. For non-blackbody radiation (NBR) emission fluxes, the spectral entropy radiance L v is found by substituting K v spectral energy radiance data into the L v expression (noting that ...

  3. Scientific law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law

    Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. [1] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology).

  4. List of materials properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_properties

    A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection .

  5. Negative thermal expansion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_thermal_expansion

    Other materials that exhibit NTE behaviour include other members of the AM 2 O 8 family of materials (where A = Zr or Hf, M = Mo or W) and HfV 2 O 7 and ZrV 2 O 7, though HfV 2 O 7 and ZrV 2 O 7 only in their high temperature phase starting at 350 to 400 K. [7] A 2 (MO 4) 3 also is an example of controllable negative thermal expansion. Cubic ...

  6. Natural frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_frequency

    Natural frequency, measured in terms of eigenfrequency, is the rate at which an oscillatory system tends to oscillate in the absence of disturbance. A foundational example pertains to simple harmonic oscillators, such as an idealized spring with no energy loss wherein the system exhibits constant-amplitude oscillations with a constant frequency.

  7. Temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

    It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature. Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, medicine, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life.

  8. List of logic symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols

    material biconditional (material equivalence) if and only if, iff, xnor propositional logic, Boolean algebra: is true only if both A and B are false, or both A and B are true. Whether a symbol means a material biconditional or a logical equivalence, depends on the author’s style.

  9. Unity of opposites - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_opposites

    Anaximander posited that every element had an opposite, or was connected to an opposite (water is cold, fire is hot). Thus, the material world was said to be composed of an infinite, boundless apeiron from which arose the elements (earth, air, fire, water) and pairs of opposites (hot/cold, wet/dry). There was, according to Anaximander, a ...