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A geodesic grid is a global Earth spatial reference that uses polygon tiles based on the subdivision of a polyhedron (usually the icosahedron, and usually a Class I subdivision) to subdivide the surface of the Earth.
English: Part a shows a rectilinear grid in the horizontal plane. Part b shows a curvilinear grid in the horizontal plane. Part c shows a z-level grid structure in the vertical plane. Part d shows a s-level grid structure in the vertical plane. This figure is taken from Delandmeter and van Sebille 2019 (Delandmeter, P. and van Sebille, E.:
In geometry, a geodesic (/ ˌ dʒ iː. ə ˈ d ɛ s ɪ k,-oʊ-,-ˈ d iː s ɪ k,-z ɪ k /) [1] [2] is a curve representing in some sense the locally [a] shortest [b] path between two points in a surface, or more generally in a Riemannian manifold. The term also has meaning in any differentiable manifold with a connection.
Geodesic polyhedra are available as geometric primitives in the Blender 3D modeling software package, which calls them icospheres: they are an alternative to the UV sphere, having a more regular distribution. [4] [5] The Goldberg–Coxeter construction is an expansion of the concepts underlying geodesic polyhedra.
A grid-based spatial index has the advantage that the structure of the index can be created first, and data added on an ongoing basis without requiring any change to the index structure; indeed, if a common grid is used by disparate data collecting and indexing activities, such indices can easily be merged from a variety of sources.
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Example: grid with coordinates (φ,λ,z) where z is the elevation. A standard Geoid surface. The z coordinate is zero for all grid, thus can be omitted, (φ,λ). Ancient standards, before 1687 (the Newton's Principia publication), used a "reference sphere"; in nowadays the Geoid is mathematically abstracted as reference ellipsoid.
The PDF format is widely accepted and is considered the de facto standard for printable documents on the web. This means that users do not require the any proprietary plug-in to read geospatial PDFs created following the PDF 1.7 specification, which was published as ISO 32000-1 standard. [3]