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Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins.
The precursor form of IL-1α, which has both the N-terminal and C-terminal receptor interacting domains, acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule. DAMPs , also known as alarmins , are recognized by innate immunity cells by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and function as danger signals for the immune system .
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, which is a type of cytokine signaling molecule forming part of the immune system.It is a 15.5–16 kDa protein [5] that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for immunity.
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (T h 0 cells) to T h 2 cells.Upon activation by IL-4, T h 2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop.
This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2. [14] IL-1β, in combination with IL-23, induced expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 by γδ T cells. This induction of expression is in the absence of additional signals. That suggests IL-1β is involved in modulation of autoimmune inflammation [15]
Interleukin 17 family (IL17 family) is a family of pro-inflammatory cystine knot cytokines. [2] They are produced by a group of T helper cell known as T helper 17 cell in response to their stimulation with IL-23.
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene. [5] [6] In general, Interleukin 1 is responsible for the production of inflammation, as well as the promotion of fever and sepsis.
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