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Baking was a popular profession and source of food in ancient Rome. Many ancient Roman baking techniques were developed due to Greek bakers who traveled to Rome following the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Ancient Roman bakers could make large quantities of money. This may have contributed to receiving a negative reputation.
[3] [1] Loaves of bread were marked in this manner before being, for instance, taken into a communal bakery (see signum pistoris ). The bread's original owner, Celer, is known to have survived the eruption of Vesuvius and the subsequent pyroclastic flow as his name appears in a later list of freed slaves. [ 3 ]
Thermopolium in Herculaneum. In the ancient Greco-Roman world, a thermopolium (pl.: thermopolia), from Greek θερμοπώλειον (thermopōlion), i.e. cook-shop, [1] literally "a place where something hot is sold", was a commercial establishment where it was possible to purchase ready-to-eat food.
In ancient Roman religion, Fornax was the divine personification of the oven (fornax), [1] the patroness of bakers, and a goddess of baking. [2] She ensured that the heat of ovens did not get hot enough to burn the corn or bread. [3] [4] People would pray to Fornax for help whilst baking.
The term may be used interchangeably with the term "bakery", although the latter commonly includes both production and retail areas. [1] Designated bakehouses can be found in archaeological sites from ancient times, e.g., in Roman forts. [2]
The Roman ovens of the Fornaca are ancient Roman structures in the archaeological site of Fornaca at Vilassar de Dalt, Catalonia, Spain; they were dedicated to the industrial production of large ceramic materials. Basing on their typology, the materials found in the excavation, and study of their magnetic properties, archaeologists have dated ...
This tomb may be one of many lavish tombs created by freedmen. These men were originally slaves, who then gained their freedom and became Roman citizens. Freedom could be granted by their masters for their hard work, or be bought through their peculia, or earnings. Upon becoming free, they were still subjected to some service to their former ...
The Baker (c. 1681); oil-on-canvas painting by Job Adriaensz Berckheyde (1630–1693) now held by the Worcester Art Museum.. A baker is a tradesperson who bakes and sometimes sells breads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source.