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As a result, the brain adapts to the challenge of reading. The process of reading involves most of the brain, especially an interconnection between visual areas and language areas; but also neural systems related to action, emotion, decision-making, and memory. [2] [3] The science of reading (SOR) is the discipline that studies reading. [4]
Other factors such as saccadic eye movements and the linear relationship between letters also affect the way we recognize words. [4] An article in ScienceDaily suggests that "early word recognition is key to lifelong reading skills". [5] There are different ways to develop these skills.
A meta-analysis of 21 studies found that the F&P Text Level Gradient system did not lead to effective reading fluency interventions. [ 8 ] Matthew Burns, a reading researcher at the University of Florida, has studied assessments within the F&P Text Level Gradient system and found that they result in 54% total accuracy and correctly identify low ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Oral reading fluency is sometimes distinguished from oral fluency. Oral reading fluency refers to the ability to read words accurately and quickly while using good vocal expression and phrasing. [13] Oral reading fluency is often linked to Schreiber's Theory of Prosody, which places importance on the tone, rhythm, and expressiveness of speech. [14]
LaBerge and Samuels (1974) helped explain how reading fluency develops. [5] Automaticity refers to knowing how to perform some arbitrary task at a competent level without requiring conscious effort — i.e., it is a form of unconscious competence.
The theory has often been extended to a critical period for second-language acquisition (SLA). David Singleton states that in learning a second language, "younger = better in the long run", but points out that there are many exceptions, noting that five percent of adult bilinguals master a second language even though they begin learning it when they are well into adulthood—long after any ...
Fluency effects involve changes in the ease of extraction. Not only can experts process high-order information, they do so with great speed and low attentional load . Discovery and fluency effects work together so that as the discovery structures becomes more automatic, attentional resources are conserved for discovery of new relations and for ...
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