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Ruby is one of the few solid state lasers that produce light in the visible range of the spectrum, lasing at 694.3 nanometers, in a deep red color, with a very narrow linewidth of 0.53 nm. [3] The ruby laser is a three level solid state laser.
English: An approximate diagram of Ted Maiman's original ruby laser. A - Positive lead, B - Silver mirror coating, C - Xenon flashtube, D- Negative lead, E - Emitted laser beam, F - Pumping cavity, G - Ruby rod, H - Trigger wire
Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).
For example, the first working laser was a ruby laser, made from ruby (chromium-doped corundum). The population inversion is maintained in the dopant. These materials are pumped optically using a shorter wavelength than the lasing wavelength, often from a flash tube or another laser.
A four-level laser energy diagram. Here, there are four energy levels, energies E 1, E 2, E 3, E 4, and populations N 1, N 2, N 3, N 4, respectively. The energies of each level are such that E 1 < E 2 < E 3 < E 4. In this system, the pumping transition P excites the atoms in the ground state (level 1) into the pump band (level 4).
Laser rods (from left to right): Ruby, alexandrite, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG. A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. [1] Semiconductor-based lasers are also in the solid state, but are generally considered as a separate class from solid-state lasers, called ...
Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts. A laser is constructed from three principal parts: An energy source (usually referred to as the pump or pump source), A gain medium or laser medium, and; Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator.
A ruby laser head. The photo on the left shows the head unassembled, revealing the pumping cavity, the rod and the flashlamps. The photo on the right shows the head assembled. Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in