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A fixed-point representation of a fractional number is essentially an integer that is to be implicitly multiplied by a fixed scaling factor. For example, the value 1.23 can be stored in a variable as the integer value 1230 with implicit scaling factor of 1/1000 (meaning that the last 3 decimal digits are implicitly assumed to be a decimal fraction), and the value 1 230 000 can be represented ...
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with Windows 1.0. [5]In Windows 3.0, a scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, statistical functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.
Floating-point decimal arithmetic; Logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and base e; Trigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigonometry) Exponential functions and roots beyond the square root; Quick access to constants such as π and e; In addition, high-end scientific calculators generally include some or all of the following:
There are various ways in which calculators interpret keystrokes. These can be categorized into two main types: On a single-step or immediate-execution calculator, the user presses a key for each operation, calculating all the intermediate results, before the final value is shown.
The number can also be interpreted as a fraction of a full turn between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive) represented in binary fixed-point format with a scaling factor of 1/2 n. Multiplying that fraction by 360° or 2π gives the angle in degrees in the range 0 to 360, or in radians , in the range 0 to 2π, respectively.
Angles in the hours ( h), minutes ( m), and seconds ( s) of time measure must be converted to decimal degrees or radians before calculations are performed. 1 h = 15°; 1 m = 15′; 1 s = 15″ Angles greater than 360° (2 π ) or less than 0° may need to be reduced to the range 0°−360° (0–2 π ) depending upon the particular calculating ...
There are a number of ways to demonstrate the validity of the small-angle approximations. The most direct method is to truncate the Maclaurin series for each of the trigonometric functions. Depending on the order of the approximation , cos θ {\displaystyle \textstyle \cos \theta } is approximated as either 1 {\displaystyle 1} or as 1 − 1 ...
The complex number z can be represented in rectangular form as = + where i is the imaginary unit, or can alternatively be written in polar form as = ( + ) and from there, by Euler's formula, [14] as = = . where e is Euler's number, and φ, expressed in radians, is the principal value of the complex number function arg applied to x + iy ...