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An aspect of property law that is central to mining law is the question of who "owns" the mineral, such that they may legally extract it from the earth. This is often dependent on the type of mineral in question, the mining history of the jurisdiction, as well as the general background legal tradition and its treatment of property.
The Chaffee law of 1869 and the placer law of 1871 were combined into the General Mining Act of 1872. The mining law of 1866 had given discoverers rights to stake mining claims to extract gold, silver, cinnabar (the principal ore of mercury) and copper. When Congress passed the General Mining Act of 1872, the wording was changed to "or other ...
Title 30 of the United States Code outlines the role of mineral lands and mining in the United States Code. 30 U.S.C. ch. 1—United States Bureau of Mines; 30 U.S.C. ch. 2—Mineral Lands and Regulations in General; 30 U.S.C. ch. 3—Lands Containing Coal, Oil, Gas, Salts, Asphaltic Materials, Sodium, Sulphur, and Building Stone
Mineral rights are property rights to exploit an area for the minerals it harbors. Mineral rights can be separate from property ownership (see Split estate).Mineral rights can refer to sedentary minerals that do not move below the Earth's surface or fluid minerals such as oil or natural gas. [1]
The main purpose of mining acts (German: Berggesetze) in law is to govern the structure of mining authorities and their responsibilities, the entitlement to mining and the oversight of safety in and around the mines.
Passed the Senate on September 3, 1919 (Passed) Passed the House on October 30, 1919 (Passed) Reported by the joint conference committee on November 1, 1919; agreed to by the House on February 10, 1920 and by the Senate on February 11, 1920 (Agreed) Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on February 25, 1920
25th Anniversary of the Surface Mining Law: A report on the protection and restoration of the nation's land and water resources under the Surface Mining Law, Office of Surface Mining, 2003. Available at OSM website. Green, Edward. State and Federal Roles Under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, 21 S. Ill. U. L.J. 531 (1997)
2 FeAsS[Au] + 7 O 2 + 2 H 2 O + H 2 SO 4 → Fe(SO 4) 3 + 2 H 3 AsO 4 + [Au] Biohydrometallurgy is an emerging trend in biomining in which commercial mining plants operate continuously stirred tank reactor (STR) and the airlift reactor (ALR) or pneumatic reactor (PR) of the Pachuca type to extract the low concentration mineral resources ...